Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Business

On November 1, 2022, we completed the separation (the “Separation”) of our antibody discovery business and certain related assets and liabilities (the “OmniAb Business”) through a spin-off of OmniAb to Ligand’s shareholders of record as of October 26, 2022 on a pro rata basis (the “Distribution”) and merger (the “Merger”) of OmniAb with a wholly owned subsidiary of a separate public company, OmniAb, Inc. (formerly known as Avista Public Acquisition Corp. II (“New OmniAb”)), in a Reverse Morris Trust transaction pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 23, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”), and the Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2022 (the “Separation Agreement”) (the Merger Agreement and Separation Agreement, collectively with the other related transaction documents, the “Transaction Agreements”). Pursuant to the Transaction Agreements, Ligand contributed to OmniAb cash and certain assets and liabilities constituting the OmniAb Business, including but not limited to the equity interests of Ab Initio Biotherapeutics, Inc., Crystal Bioscience, Inc., Icagen, LLC, Taurus Biosciences, LLC and xCella Biosciences, Inc.

After the spin-off of our OmniAb antibody discovery business, Ligand is a revenue-generating biopharmaceutical company focused on developing or acquiring technologies that help pharmaceutical companies discover and develop medicines. We operate in one business segment: development and licensing of biopharmaceutical assets.

Basis of Presentation

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Ligand and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. We have included all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which we considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial results. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes should be read together with the audited consolidated financial statements included in our 2022 Annual Report. Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.

Discontinued Operations

The Company determined that the spin-off of the OmniAb Business in November 2022 met the criteria for classification as a discontinued operation in accordance with ASC Subtopic 205-20, Discontinued Operations (“ASC 205-20”). Accordingly, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been updated to present the results of all discontinued operations reported as a separate component of loss in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (see Note 2, Spin-off of OmniAb). All disclosures have been adjusted to reflect continuing operations.

Significant Accounting Policies

We have described our significant accounting policies in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2022 Annual Report.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Revenue

Our revenue is generated primarily from royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners, Captisol material sales, and contract revenue for services, license fees and development, regulatory and sales based milestone payments.

We apply the following five-step model in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in order to determine the revenue: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation.

Royalties

We receive royalty revenue on sales by our partners of products covered by patents that we or our partners own under contractual agreements. We do not have future performance obligations under these license arrangements. We generally satisfy our obligation to grant intellectual property rights on the effective date of the contract. However, we apply the royalty recognition constraint required under the guidance for sales-based royalties which requires a royalty to be recorded no sooner than the underlying sale occurs. Therefore, royalties on sales of products commercialized by our partners are recognized in the quarter the product is sold. Our partners generally report sales information to us on a one quarter lag. Thus, we estimate the expected royalty proceeds based on an analysis of historical experience and interim data provided by our partners including their publicly announced sales. Differences between actual and estimated royalty revenues, which have not been material, are adjusted in the period in which they become known, typically the following quarter.

Captisol Sales

Revenue from Captisol sales is recognized when control of Captisol material is transferred or intellectual property license rights are granted to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive from our customers in exchange for those products or rights. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. For Captisol material or intellectual property license rights, we consider our performance obligation satisfied once we have transferred control of the product or granted the intellectual property rights, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the Captisol material or intellectual property license right. We recognize revenue for satisfied performance obligations only when we determine there are no uncertainties regarding payment terms or transfer of control. Sales tax and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. We have elected to recognize the cost of freight and shipping when control over Captisol material has transferred to the customer as an expense in Cost of Captisol. We expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that we would have recognized is one year or less or the amount is immaterial. We did not incur any incremental costs of obtaining a contract during the periods reported.

Contract Revenue

Our contracts with customers often include variable consideration in the form of contingent milestone payments. We include contingent milestone payments in the estimated transaction price when it is probable a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. These estimates are based on historical experience, anticipated results and our best judgment at the time. If the contingent milestone payment is based on sales, we apply the royalty recognition constraint and record revenue when the underlying sale has taken place. Significant judgments must be made in determining the transaction price for our sales of intellectual property. Because of the risk that products in development with our partners will not reach development milestones or receive regulatory approval, we generally recognize any contingent payments that would be due to us upon the development milestone or regulatory approval. Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer a portion of the consideration received if we have to satisfy a future obligation, which typically occurs with our contracts for R&D services.

For R&D services we recognize revenue over time and we measure our progress using an input method. The input methods we use are based on the effort we expend or costs we incur toward the satisfaction of our performance obligation. We estimate the amount of effort we expend, including the time it will take us to complete the activities, or the costs we may incur in a given period, relative to the estimated total effort or costs to satisfy the performance obligation. This results in a percentage that we multiply by the transaction price to determine the amount of revenue we recognize each period. This approach requires us to make numerous estimates and use significant judgement. If our estimates or judgements change over the course of the collaboration, they may affect the timing and amount of revenue that we recognize in the current and future periods.

Some customer contracts are sublicenses which require that we make payments to an upstream licensor related to license fees, milestones and royalties which we receive from customers. In such cases, we evaluate the determination of gross revenue as a principal versus net revenue as an agent reporting based on each individual agreement.

Deferred Revenue

Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may also defer a portion of the consideration received because we have to satisfy a future obligation.

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheet. Except for royalty revenue and certain service revenue, we generally receive payment at the point we satisfy our obligation or soon after. Therefore, we do not generally carry any contract asset balance. Any fees billed in advance of being earned are recorded as deferred revenue. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount recognized as revenue that was previously deferred was $0.1 million, and $0.3 million, respectively.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table represents disaggregation of royalties, Captisol and contract revenue (in thousands):


	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Royalties
Kyprolis	$	6,228	$	4,622
Evomela	2,550		2,701
Teriparatide injection	3,500		2,911
Rylaze	2,609		1,649
Other	2,267		1,549
	$	17,154	$	13,432

Captisol
Captisol - Core	$	10,622	$	6,226
Captisol - COVID(1)	—		5,896
	$	10,622	$	12,122

Contract revenue
License Fees	114		2,081
Milestone	15,300		5,993
Other	789		2,888
	$	16,203	$	10,962
Total	$	43,979	$	36,516

(1) Captisol - COVID represents revenue on Captisol supplied for use in formulation with remdesivir, an antiviral treatment for COVID-19.

Short-term Investments

Our short-term investments consist of the following at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):



March 31, 2023	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses		Estimated fair value
Bank deposits	$	19,691	$	3	$	(26)	$	19,668
Corporate bonds	9,592		63		(37)		9,618
Agency bonds	979		2		—		981
Commercial paper	13,461		2		(9)		13,454
Municipal bonds	1,005		—		(5)		1,000
Corporate equity securities	5,775		—		(4,120)		1,655
Bond fund	82,678		—		(807)		81,871
US government securities	6,243		2		(47)		6,198
Warrants	—		133		—		133
	$	139,424	$	205	$	(5,051)	$	134,578
Viking common stock							59,359
Total short-term investments							$	193,937

December 31, 2022
Bank deposits	$	5,012	$	2	$	(34)	$	4,980
Corporate bonds	6,701		13		(58)		6,656

Commercial paper	7,211		3		—		7,214
Corporate equity securities	5,807		262		(4,239)		1,830
Bond fund	81,815		—		(1050)		80,765
U.S. government securities	2,232		—		(70)		2,162
Warrants	—		135		—		135
	$	108,778	$	415	$	(5,451)	$	103,742
Viking common stock							63,122
Total short-term investments							$	166,864

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we sold 3.2 million shares of Viking common stock and recognized realized gain of $20.5 million in total.

Gain (loss) from short-term investments in our condensed consolidated statements of operations includes both realized and unrealized gain (loss) from our short-term investments in public equity and warrant securities.

Allowances are recorded for available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses. This limits the amount of credit losses that can be recognized for available-for-sale debt securities to the amount by which carrying value exceeds fair value and requires the reversal of previously recognized credit losses if fair value increases. The provisions of the credit losses standard did not have a material impact on our available-for-sale debt securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes our available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity (in thousands):


	March 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within one year	$	123,794	$	123,681
After one year through five years	10,903		10,962
Total	$	134,697	$	134,643

Our investment policy is capital preservation and we only invest in U.S.-dollar denominated investments. We held a total of 68 investments which were in an unrealized loss position with a total of $0.1 million unrealized losses as of March 31, 2023. We believe that we will collect the principal and interest due on our debt securities that have an amortized cost in excess of fair value. The unrealized losses are largely due to changes in interest rates and not to unfavorable changes in the credit quality associated with these securities that impacted our assessment on collectability of principal and interest. We do not intend to sell these securities and it is not more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Accordingly, no credit losses were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Our accounts receivable arise primarily from sales on credit to customers. We establish an allowance for credit losses to present the net amount of accounts receivable expected to be collected. The allowance is determined by using the loss-rate method, which requires an estimation of loss rates based upon historical loss experience adjusted for factors that are relevant to determining the expected collectability of accounts receivable. Some of these factors include macroeconomic conditions that correlate with historical loss experience, delinquency trends, aging behavior of receivables and credit and liquidity quality indicators for industry groups, customer classes or individual customers. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and concluded an increase of $0.1 million of allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2023.

Inventory

Inventory, which consists of finished goods, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost using the specific identification method.

We analyze our inventory levels periodically and write down inventory to net realizable value if it has become obsolete, has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value or is in excess of expected requirements. There were no write-downs recorded against inventory for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. As of March 31, 2023 inventory consists of Captisol prepayments of $5.4 million, and as of December 31, 2022 inventory consists of Captisol prepayments of $5.9 million.

Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Goodwill	$	105,673	$	105,673
Definite lived intangible assets
Complete technology	55,211		55,211
Less: accumulated amortization	(23,450)		(22,560)
Trade name	2,642		2,642
Less: accumulated amortization	(1,610)		(1,577)
Customer relationships	29,600		29,600
Less: accumulated amortization	(18,043)		(17,670)
Contractual relationships	362,000		362,000
Less: accumulated amortization	(72,434)		(65,191)
Total goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net	$	439,589	$	448,128

Commercial License Rights

Commercial license rights consist of the following (in thousands):


	March 31, 2023						December 31, 2022
	Gross		Adjustments(1)		Net		Gross		Adjustments(2)		Net
Aziyo and CorMatrix	$	17,696	$	(9,122)	$	8,574	$	17,696	$	(9,538)	$	8,158
Selexis and Dianomi	10,602		(8,745)		1,857		10,602		(8,578)		2,024
Total	$	28,298	$	(17,867)	$	10,431	$	28,298	$	(18,116)	$	10,182

(1) Amounts represent accumulated amortization to principal of $11.4 million and credit loss adjustments of $6.5 million as of March 31, 2023.

(2) Amounts represent accumulated amortization to principal of $11.6 million and credit loss adjustments of $6.5 million as of December 31, 2022.

Commercial license rights represent a portfolio of future milestone and royalty payment rights acquired from Selexis, S.A. (Selexis) in April 2013 and April 2015, CorMatrix Cardiovascular, Inc. (CorMatrix) in May 2016, which was later acquired by Aziyo in 2017, and Dianomi Therapeutics, Inc. in January 2019. Commercial license rights acquired are accounted for as financial assets in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, as further discussed in Note 1, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2022 Annual Report.

We estimated the credit losses at the individual asset level by considering the performance against the programs, the company operating performance and the macroeconomic forecast. In addition, we have judgmentally applied credit loss risk factors to the future expected payments with consideration given to the timing of the payment. Given the higher inherent credit risk

associated with longer term receivables, we applied a lower risk factor to the earlier years and progressively higher risk factors to the later years. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we further considered the current and expected future economic and market conditions and concluded no further adjustment was needed on the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2023.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):


	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Compensation	$	1,729	$	6,201
Professional fees	834		662
Amounts owed to former licensees	45		3,989
Royalties owed to third parties	7,700		12



Supplier	678		634

Other	3,991		4,183
Total accrued liabilities	$	14,977	$	15,681

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense for awards to employees and non-employee directors is a non-cash expense and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense recorded as components of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022(a)
SBC - Research and development expenses	$	1,707	$	2,196
SBC - General and administrative expenses	4,224		4,913
	$	5,931	$	7,109

(a) Prior period amounts have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the effects of the Separation.

The fair-value for options that were awarded to employees and directors was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions:


	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2023	2022
Risk-free interest rate	4.1%	1.6%
Dividend yield	—	—
Expected volatility	53%	50%
Expected term (years)	5.3	4.7

A limited amount of performance-based restricted stock units (PSUs) contain a market condition based on our relative total shareholder return ranked on a percentile basis against the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index over a three year performance period, with a range of 0% to 200% of the target amount granted to be issued under the award. Share-based compensation cost for these PSUs is measured using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model and is not adjusted for the achievement, or lack thereof, of the performance conditions.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net (loss) income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares and potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed based on the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

Potentially dilutive common shares consist of shares issuable under the 2023 Notes, stock options and restricted stock. The 2023 Notes have a dilutive impact when the average market price of our common stock exceeds the maximum conversion price. It is our intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement, which involves payment in cash equal to the principal portion and delivery of shares of common stock for the excess of the conversion value over the principal portion. Potentially dilutive common shares from stock options and restricted stock are determined using the average share price for each period under the treasury stock method. In addition, the following amounts are assumed to be used to repurchase shares: proceeds from exercise of stock options and the average amount of unrecognized compensation expense for the awards. See Note 4, Convertible Senior Notes and Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity.

In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share, if a company had a discontinuing operation, the company uses income from continuing operations, adjusted for preferred dividends and similar adjustments, as its control number to determine whether potential common shares are dilutive. The following table presents the calculation of weighted average shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands):


	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2023	2022
Weighted average shares outstanding:	17,063	16,824
Dilutive potential common shares:
Restricted stock	86	—
Stock options	341	—
2023 convertible senior notes	484	—
Shares used to compute diluted income per share	17,974	16,824
Potentially dilutive shares excluded from calculation due to anti-dilutive effect	4,359	6,001